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Evidence & policy · Voter guide

The 2026 Arizona ballot, scored for homelessness

Every item on a Phoenix voter’s November 3 ballot that affects homelessness, scored on one rubric. Each score links to the votes, budgets, lawsuits and research behind it. Records current as of October 20, 2026.

At a glance

Race or measureScore
Prop 144 — Election requirements
Constitutional amendment (HCR 2001)
−1.0 Increases homelessness
Prop 316 — Municipal grocery tax cap
Statute (HCR 2021)
0.0 Mixed effect
Prop 320 — School district budgets
Statute (SCR 1032)
−1.0 Increases homelessness
Katie Hobbs
Governor
+1.3 Reduces homelessness
Andy Biggs
Governor
−1.0 Increases homelessness
Teri Ann Hourihan
Governor
+1.0 Reduces homelessness
Kris Mayes
Attorney General
+2.0 Strongly reduces homelessness
Warren Petersen
Attorney General
+0.3 Mixed effect
CD3 · Yassamin Ansari
U.S. House (districts that include Phoenix)
+2.0 Strongly reduces homelessness
CD4 · Greg Stanton
U.S. House (districts that include Phoenix)
+1.7 Strongly reduces homelessness
CD8 · Abe Hamadeh
U.S. House (districts that include Phoenix)
0.0 Mixed effect
Matt Evans
Phoenix City Council · District 2
0.0 Mixed effect
Ed Hermes
Phoenix City Council · District 4
+1.0 Reduces homelessness
Ashley Harder
Phoenix City Council · District 4
+1.0 Reduces homelessness
Michael Mazzocco
Phoenix City Council · District 4
+1.0 Reduces homelessness
Robb Olivieri
Phoenix City Council · District 4
0.0 Mixed effect
Megan Schmitz
Phoenix City Council · District 4
+1.0 Reduces homelessness
Zachary Lauer
Phoenix City Council · District 4
−0.5 Increases homelessness
Kevin Robinson
Phoenix City Council · District 6
+0.5 Reduces homelessness
Michael Del Prete
Phoenix City Council · District 6
+0.5 Reduces homelessness
Kesha Hodge Washington
Phoenix City Council · District 8
+1.3 Reduces homelessness
Jarrett Maupin
Phoenix City Council · District 8
−0.3 Mixed effect

Items without enough record to score are listed in their sections below.

How the scores work

Each item is scored from −2 to +2 on four ways policy changes homelessness. A positive score means the record points toward fewer people becoming or staying homeless.

DimensionScores up whenEvidence base
Housing supplyMore homes get built or rents fall: zoning reform, housing trust funds, LIHTC, action against rent-setting.Glynn & Fox (2019) found rising rents predict rising homelessness in large U.S. metros.
PreventionPeople keep the housing and income they have: eviction defense, rental assistance, Medicaid and behavioral health coverage.Collinson et al. (2024) found an eviction order raises the chance of using an emergency shelter the next year by 3.4 points, more than a 300% increase.
Services & fundingShelter, permanent supportive housing and Housing First programs gain money or protection.The Community Guide review (Peng et al., 2020) found Housing First improved housing stability by a median 41% over treatment-first programs.
EnforcementPolicy avoids moving or penalizing people without offering housing, and avoids new ID or paperwork barriers.Barocas et al. in JAMA (2023) projected that continual encampment displacement could account for 15–25% of deaths among unhoused people who use drugs over 10 years, across 23 cities.

Rules applied to every item

Record before statements. A dimension is scored from the record when one exists: votes, signed or vetoed bills, budgets and lawsuits, up to ±2. Campaign statements score a dimension only when there is no record, and at most ±1. Each dimension cell shows which kind it rests on.

Indirect effects. Mechanisms the research ties to homelessness only indirectly — voter ID, grocery taxes, school staffing, utility rates — are capped at ±1.

Overall score. The average of the scored dimensions. Candidates need at least two scored dimensions to get one; otherwise they show as not scored. A blank dimension means no record was found, not a zero.

Budgets. Voting for a budget counts +1 in each dimension it funds; leading a budget item counts up to +2. State budgets count for both the governor and the Senate President, who negotiate them. City budget votes count for every council member who cast one.

Score bands. +1.5 or higher: strongly reduces homelessness. +0.5 to +1.4: reduces. −0.4 to +0.4: mixed effect. −0.5 to −1.4: increases. −1.5 or lower: strongly increases.

Where the evidence is disputed

Statewide propositions

Eight measures are on the statewide ballot, all referred by the Legislature. Three affect homelessness. Props 141 (mileage tax ban), 142 (DEI and preferential treatment), 317 (drug cartels), 318 (student athletics) and 319 (photo enforcement) have no mechanism that touches housing, income, services or enforcement, and are not scored.

Prop 144 — Election requirements

Constitutional amendment (HCR 2001)

−1.0 Increases homelessness

Requires government-issued ID to vote in every election, including by mail. People without a stable address are less likely to hold current ID, and Arizona charges $12 for a state ID card for most adults.

Housing supplyPreventionServices & fundingEnforcement
———−1record
Data behind the score
  • Enforcement Ballot language: proof of identity limited to government-issued ID; the Legislature must fund implementation. Secretary of State ballot language, Aug 2026
  • Enforcement People experiencing homelessness face ID barriers: no address, lost or stolen documents, fees, transportation. GAO-24-105435, Feb 2024
  • Enforcement State ID card costs $12; fee waivers cover people 65+ and some veterans and SSI recipients, not most unhoused adults. ADOT MVD, accessed Oct 2026
  • Enforcement Texas's mail-ballot ID rule led to 12.4% of mail ballots being rejected in its first primary, versus under 1% before. Texas Tribune, Apr 2022
  • Enforcement Counterpoint: strict in-person ID laws showed no detectable effect on overall turnout, 2008–2018. The study did not look at unhoused voters or mail ballots. Cantoni & Pons, NBER w25522, 2019

Affects voting access, not housing. Scored −1, the cap for indirect effects.

Prop 316 — Municipal grocery tax cap

Statute (HCR 2021)

0.0 Mixed effect

Caps city grocery taxes at 2% and requires voter approval to raise them. Phoenix, Tucson and Mesa have no grocery tax, so the effect falls on smaller towns: lower food costs for low-income households, and less general-fund revenue for local services.

Housing supplyPreventionServices & fundingEnforcement
—+1record−1record—
Data behind the score
  • Prevention Each 1-point rise in a grocery tax is associated with a 0.84% higher probability of food insecurity among low-income households. Zheng et al., Food Policy, 2021
  • Services & funding 70 of 91 cities and towns taxed groceries in 2024; Phoenix, Tucson and Mesa do not. Ballotpedia News, Jun 2025
  • Services & funding Rural towns rely on the tax for a large share of revenue; Bisbee warns of service cuts. Arizona Mirror, Sep 2026

No JLBC fiscal summary exists for this referral; the 2025 fiscal note scored an earlier full repeal.

Prop 320 — School district budgets

Statute (SCR 1032)

−1.0 Increases homelessness

Requires large districts to spend 60% of operating budgets on instruction or lose Classroom Site Fund money. Counselors, social workers and nurses count outside instruction, and they are the staff who identify and serve homeless students.

Housing supplyPreventionServices & fundingEnforcement
——−1record—
Data behind the score

No outcome research exists on 60% mandates and homeless students; the score rests on the spending definitions.

Maricopa County

Prop 413 is the only countywide measure. Clerk of the Superior Court, community college, Valleywise board, justice of the peace and judicial retention races have no homelessness record to score.

Maricopa County Prop 413 — Jail excise tax extension

20-year extension of the 0.2-cent jail tax

Not scored

Extends the tax that funds county jail construction, operations, inmate programs and probation, about $300M a year. State law also allows the money for programs that reduce jail costs, which can include diversion.

Data behind the score

Not scored. No source ties this revenue to homelessness outcomes, and the split between jail operations and diversion is not set in the measure.

Governor

Katie Hobbs

Democrat · incumbent

+1.3 Reduces homelessness

Signed statewide casita and middle-housing laws and the record FY2024 housing and shelter budget, and vetoed two bills to ban or remove encampments. Vetoed the 2024 Starter Homes Act, and later budgets zeroed the Housing Trust Fund deposit.

Housing supplyPreventionServices & fundingEnforcement
+1record+1record+1record+2record
Data behind the score
  • Housing supply Signed HB 2720 (casitas statewide) and HB 2721 (middle housing in cities of 75,000+). AZPM, May 2024
  • Housing supply Vetoed the Starter Homes Act (HB 2570), calling it "a step too far." KJZZ, Mar 2024
  • Prevention Signed HB 2244 (tenant relief when a landlord fails to satisfy an eviction judgment); FY2027 budget includes $3M civil legal aid and no statewide rental assistance. Arizona Multihousing Association, 2026
  • Housing supply FY2024 budget: $150M to the Housing Trust Fund and a new $60M Homeless Shelter and Services Fund. KJZZ, Jun 2023
  • Housing supply Housing Trust Fund General Fund deposit fell to $0 in FY2026 and FY2027; the shelter fund is repealed after June 2027. JLBC FY2027 baseline, 2026
  • Services & funding Same budgets: $60M shelter and services fund created in FY2024, repealed after June 2027. JLBC FY2027 baseline, 2026
  • Enforcement Vetoed SB 1024, banning tents in public rights-of-way: "this bill only makes them less visible." FOX 10, Mar 2023
  • Enforcement Vetoed SB 1413, which would have required some communities to remove encampments. KJZZ, Jun 2023

Andy Biggs

Republican

−1.0 Increases homelessness

Voted for the 2025 reconciliation law (CBO: about 10 million more uninsured by 2034) and against the ROAD to Housing Act. Voted for a recovery-housing voucher pilot in 2018 and supports permitting reform. No record on encampments.

Housing supplyPreventionServices & fundingEnforcement
−2record−2record+1record—
Data behind the score
  • Housing supply Voted no on the ROAD to Housing Act, which passed the House 358–32. KTAR, Jun 2026
  • Housing supply Also says permitting is about 40% of the cost of a home. FOX 10, Jun 2026
  • Prevention Voted yes on the One Big Beautiful Bill Act; AHCCCS estimated provider-tax changes alone could cost Arizona about $89B over 10 years. AZPM, Jul 2025
  • Prevention CBO: the enacted law adds about 10 million uninsured by 2034, 7.5 million from Medicaid and CHIP changes. Georgetown CCF, citing CBO, Aug 2025
  • Services & funding Voted yes on the THRIVE Act (H.R. 5735), a HUD voucher demonstration for people in addiction recovery. OnTheIssues, 2018

Teri Ann Hourihan

No Labels

+1.0 Reduces homelessness

Proposes easing zoning and permitting for affordable housing and protecting federal mental health and addiction funding. Campaign proposals only.

Housing supplyPreventionServices & fundingEnforcement
+1stated+1stated——
Data behind the score
  • Housing supply Would ease zoning and permitting to encourage affordable housing. KOLD, Oct 2026
  • Prevention Said cuts to federal health money would harm community mental health and addiction treatment. FOX 10 debate, Oct 2026

Risa Lombardo

Green

Not scored

Limited record.

Data behind the score

Attorney General

Kris Mayes

Democrat · incumbent

+2.0 Strongly reduces homelessness

Sued RealPage and nine landlords over alleged rent price-fixing, and joined the multistate suit in which a court held HUD's $1.3B transitional-housing set-aside unlawful in August 2026. No enforcement actions involving homelessness.

Housing supplyPreventionServices & fundingEnforcement
+2record—+2record—
Data behind the score

Warren Petersen

Republican · Senate President

+0.3 Mixed effect

Wrote the referral that became Prop 312, which lets property owners claim tax refunds when cities don't enforce camping laws, and urged the Supreme Court in Grants Pass to address encampment bans. Cosponsored the 2024 middle-housing law and was Senate President for the same state budgets as the governor.

Housing supplyPreventionServices & fundingEnforcement
+1record+1record+1record−2record
Data behind the score
  • Housing supply One of 17 sponsors of HB 2721, the middle-housing law. LegiScan, 2024
  • Housing supply Senate President when the FY2024 budget passed ($150M Housing Trust Fund, $60M shelter fund); later budgets zeroed the trust fund deposit. KJZZ, Jun 2023
  • Prevention FY2027 budget includes $3M civil legal aid and no statewide rental assistance. Arizona Multihousing Association, 2026
  • Services & funding Shelter and services fund created in FY2024, repealed after June 2027. JLBC FY2027 baseline, 2026
  • Enforcement Sponsored SCR 1006 (Prop 312): "money and funding are some of the only things that motivate cities." AZFamily, Jan 2024
  • Enforcement Filed an amicus brief in Grants Pass v. Johnson urging the Court to address cities' power to ban encampments. Arizona Senate Republicans, Sep 2023

Other statewide offices

Secretary of State

Adrian Fontes (D) · Alexander Kolodin (R) · Duwayne Collier (G)

Not scored

Limited record for all three. Debates centered on election administration and voter ID.

Data behind the score

State Treasurer

Nick Mansour (D) · Elijah Norton (R)

Not scored

Limited record for both. Norton raised selling state trust land as a hypothetical; no source ties it to housing.

Data behind the score

Superintendent of Public Instruction

Terry Leyba Ruiz (D) · Kimberly Yee (R)

Not scored

Limited record for both. Neither has addressed homeless students or Prop 320's effect on support staff.

Data behind the score

Corporation Commission (2 seats)

Kevin Thompson (R, inc.) · Ralph Heap (R) · Clara Pratte (D) · Jonathon Hill (D) · Mike Cease (G)

Not scored

Utility costs affect whether low-income renters keep their housing. Thompson supported annual formula rates and the 8% APS increase (Prevention −1, record). Pratte opposes formula rates as structured and calls for stronger shut-off protections (Prevention +1, stated). Hill questions formula rates given utility profits (Prevention +1, stated). Heap and Cease: limited record. One dimension only, so no overall score.

Data behind the score
  • Prevention Commission adopted formula rates 3–2 in Dec 2024; Thompson defends them. KJZZ, May 2026
  • Prevention Candidate positions on rates and shut-offs. KJZZ, Sep 2026
  • Prevention Voting record and campaign positions. guides.vote, 2026

U.S. House (districts that include Phoenix)

Phoenix is split among CD1, CD3, CD4 and CD8. CD5 and CD7 include no part of the city.

CD3 · Yassamin Ansari

Democrat · incumbent

+2.0 Strongly reduces homelessness

Voted for the ROAD to Housing Act and against the 2025 reconciliation law (CBO: about 10 million more uninsured by 2034), and introduced a bill to phase housing vouchers into an entitlement for households under 80% of area median income.

Housing supplyPreventionServices & fundingEnforcement
+2record+2record——
Data behind the score

Other CD3 candidates (Redkey, Aversa, write-in Parkman): limited record.

CD4 · Greg Stanton

Democrat · incumbent

+1.7 Strongly reduces homelessness

Voted for the ROAD to Housing Act and against the 2025 reconciliation law (CBO: about 10 million more uninsured by 2034), and pressed HUD to drop its 30% cap on permanent supportive housing, which MAG estimated put $32M and up to 1,388 Maricopa County units at risk.

Housing supplyPreventionServices & fundingEnforcement
+2record+2record+1stated—
Data behind the score

Zuhdi Jasser (R) proposes limits on foreign property purchases; Tisha Benoit ties homelessness to prevention and mental health access. One dimension each, so no overall score.

CD8 · Abe Hamadeh

Republican · incumbent

0.0 Mixed effect

Voted for the ROAD to Housing Act and for the 2025 reconciliation law (CBO: about 10 million more uninsured by 2034).

Housing supplyPreventionServices & fundingEnforcement
+2record−2record——
Data behind the score

Bernadette Greene-Placentia (D): limited record.

CD1 · Amish Shah · Jay Feely

Democrat · Republican (open seat)

Not scored

Shah wants to reverse the 2025 Medicaid cuts and drop work-reporting requirements (Prevention +1, stated). Feely says the law made no Medicaid cuts and has called Medicaid a failure (Prevention −1, stated). One dimension each, so no overall score.

Data behind the score

Monica Alponte (L) and write-ins: limited record.

Phoenix City Council · District 2

Open seat. If no candidate wins a majority, the top two meet in a March 9, 2027 runoff. This applies to every council race.

Matt Evans

Open seat

0.0 Mixed effect

Wants more single-family construction and a homelessness state of emergency with mandated treatment. Wrote that "most of these homeless belong in jail"; later called the criticism a fair point but kept jail as a deterrent for people who refuse treatment.

Housing supplyPreventionServices & fundingEnforcement
+1stated—0stated−1stated
Data behind the score

Danny Mazza

Open seat

Not scored

Wants to streamline permitting to increase supply. No homelessness positions. One dimension, so no overall score.

Housing supplyPreventionServices & fundingEnforcement
+1stated———
Data behind the score
  • Housing supply Make it easier to build and work with builders to increase supply. VOTE411, Oct 2026

Julie Read

Open seat

Not scored

Limited record. Calls for responsible growth on north Phoenix trust land; did not answer VOTE411.

Data behind the score

Phoenix City Council · District 4

Open seat, eight candidates.

Ed Hermes

Open seat

+1.0 Reduces homelessness

Proposes a city land bank that rehabs vacant city-owned houses for first-time buyers, selling 2,000+ city lots for housing, and an Office of Tenant Rights.

Housing supplyPreventionServices & fundingEnforcement
+1stated+1stated——
Data behind the score

Ashley Harder

Open seat

+1.0 Reduces homelessness

Wants more shelter capacity, rental assistance, behavioral health services and permanent supportive housing, plus zoning reform for infill.

Housing supplyPreventionServices & fundingEnforcement
+1stated+1stated+1stated—
Data behind the score

Michael Mazzocco

Open seat

+1.0 Reduces homelessness

Running on Housing First, eviction diversion, a renter-landlord bill of rights, civilian crisis teams and upzoning along transit.

Housing supplyPreventionServices & fundingEnforcement
+1stated+1stated+1stated+1stated
Data behind the score

Robb Olivieri

Open seat

0.0 Mixed effect

Wants more shelter and transitional capacity with real-time bed tracking. The only responding District 4 candidate who said he would have voted for the parks ordinance.

Housing supplyPreventionServices & fundingEnforcement
——+1stated−1stated
Data behind the score

Megan Schmitz

Open seat

+1.0 Reduces homelessness

Wants social workers and mental health professionals in public safety response, a regional coalition, and more infill housing.

Housing supplyPreventionServices & fundingEnforcement
+1stated—+1stated—
Data behind the score

Patricia Jimenez

Open seat

Not scored

Proposes pre-approved plans for casitas, duplexes and fourplexes with anti-displacement protections. No specific homelessness proposal. One dimension, so no overall score.

Housing supplyPreventionServices & fundingEnforcement
+1stated———
Data behind the score

Zachary Lauer

Open seat

−0.5 Increases homelessness

Wants to stop spending on what he calls homelessness failures while pledging mental health support and jobs, and to crack down on encampments.

Housing supplyPreventionServices & fundingEnforcement
——0stated−1stated
Data behind the score
  • Services & funding Cut spending on programs he calls failures; pledges mental health support and jobs. Lauer campaign, 2026
  • Enforcement Crack down on illegal encampments and drugs. Lauer campaign, 2026

Cassandra Hernandez

Open seat

Not scored

Limited record.

Data behind the score

Phoenix City Council · District 6

Kevin Robinson

Incumbent

+0.5 Reduces homelessness

Voted for the 2026 homelessness plan and the FY2026–27 budget, and for the parks ordinance requiring permits to distribute food or provide medical treatment in parks.

Housing supplyPreventionServices & fundingEnforcement
+1record+1record+1record−1record
Data behind the score
  • Housing supply Voted for the FY2026–27 budget: $6.6M more for the Housing Trust Fund, $18.4M for the Safe Outdoor Space and heat relief, $3M+ for prevention (9–0). KJZZ, May 2026
  • Prevention Same budget: $3M+ for homelessness prevention assistance. KJZZ, May 2026
  • Services & funding Voted for the 2026 homelessness strategic plan: master leasing, PSH, low-barrier shelter, streamlined camping enforcement (unanimous). Courthouse News, Feb 2026
  • Enforcement Voted yes on the parks ordinance requiring city permits to distribute food or provide medical treatment in parks (6–3). Called it a fair compromise. KTAR, May 2026

Michael Del Prete

Challenger

+0.5 Reduces homelessness

Wants to cut permitting red tape and judge homelessness spending by outcomes rather than dollars. No camping policy.

Housing supplyPreventionServices & fundingEnforcement
+1stated—0stated—
Data behind the score
  • Housing supply Cut permitting red tape; cites mortgage burden rising to 43.6% of income. Del Prete campaign, 2026
  • Services & funding Phoenix has spent $180M+ on homelessness since 2021; wants provider accountability. Del Prete campaign, 2026

Phoenix City Council · District 8

Kesha Hodge Washington

Incumbent · Vice Mayor

+1.3 Reduces homelessness

Pushed the Housing Trust Fund to $15M in total resources, worked to raise flexible financial assistance from a proposed $1.5M to $3.15M, and backed eviction legal services, eviction diversion and master-leasing pilots. Voted for the parks ordinance requiring permits to distribute food or provide medical treatment in parks.

Housing supplyPreventionServices & fundingEnforcement
+2record+2record+2record−1record
Data behind the score
  • Housing supply Housing Trust Fund reaches $15M in total resources, one of her top priorities; $12.9M for shelter operations. District 8 statement, May 2026
  • Prevention Worked to raise proposed flexible financial assistance (rent, utilities, food) from $1.5M to $3.15M; eviction legal services and diversion pilots. District 8 op-ed, Jul 2026
  • Services & funding 1,150 shelter beds funded citywide since she took office. District 8 2025 report, 2025
  • Services & funding Wants to expand master leasing and eviction prevention. VOTE411, Oct 2026
  • Enforcement Voted yes on the parks ordinance requiring city permits to distribute food or provide medical treatment in parks (6–3). Said results would be reassessed in six months. KTAR, May 2026

Jarrett Maupin

Challenger

−0.3 Mixed effect

Would require shelter, treatment or arrest and clear encampments, and make treatment and work a condition of aid. Proposes a zero-down homeownership fund and faster casita approvals.

Housing supplyPreventionServices & fundingEnforcement
+1stated—−1stated−1stated
Data behind the score
  • Enforcement Encampments "systematically cleared"; structured shelter and treatment, or arrest. Maupin campaign, 2026
  • Services & funding Treatment and work as conditions of aid. VOTE411, Oct 2026
  • Housing supply Homeownership fund, tenant right to buy, faster ADU approvals. Maupin campaign, 2026

Frank Abasciano Jr.

Challenger

Not scored

Wants to lower the cost of building homes; no specific homelessness proposal. One dimension, so no overall score.

Housing supplyPreventionServices & fundingEnforcement
+1stated———
Data behind the score

Not covered

Arizona Legislature races (Phoenix spans legislative districts 2, 4, 5, 11, 12, 24 and 26, plus edges of others), school board races and school district measures are not scored here. Find your full ballot at Clean Elections.

Have a correction or a record we missed? Contact us. Every score is updated when the record changes.

Sources

  1. Glynn, C., & Fox, E. B. (2019). Dynamics of homelessness in urban America. Annals of Applied Statistics. arXiv
  2. Collinson, R., et al. (2024). Eviction and Poverty in American Cities. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 139(1), 57–120. Yale Tobin Center
  3. Peng, Y., et al. (2020). Permanent Supportive Housing With Housing First: A Community Guide Systematic Review. J Public Health Manag Pract, 26(5), 404–411. Community Guide
  4. Barocas, J. A., et al. (2023). Population-level health effects of involuntary displacement of people experiencing unsheltered homelessness who inject drugs. JAMA. CU Anschutz summary
  5. Congressional Budget Office coverage estimates for the 2025 reconciliation law (Aug. 11, 2025). Georgetown CCF
  6. Arizona Secretary of State, 2026 ballot measure language. azsos.gov
  7. City of Phoenix, November 2026 candidate information. phoenix.gov
  8. Prop 312 claims through September 2025. AZFamily

Item-level sources are linked under “Data behind the score” for each race and measure.