Every item on a Phoenix voter’s November 3 ballot that affects homelessness, scored on one rubric. Each score links to the votes, budgets, lawsuits and research behind it. Records current as of October 20, 2026.
Items without enough record to score are listed in their sections below.
How the scores work
Each item is scored from −2 to +2 on four ways policy changes homelessness. A positive score means the record points toward fewer people becoming or staying homeless.
Dimension
Scores up when
Evidence base
Housing supply
More homes get built or rents fall: zoning reform, housing trust funds, LIHTC, action against rent-setting.
Glynn & Fox (2019) found rising rents predict rising homelessness in large U.S. metros.
Prevention
People keep the housing and income they have: eviction defense, rental assistance, Medicaid and behavioral health coverage.
Collinson et al. (2024) found an eviction order raises the chance of using an emergency shelter the next year by 3.4 points, more than a 300% increase.
Services & funding
Shelter, permanent supportive housing and Housing First programs gain money or protection.
Policy avoids moving or penalizing people without offering housing, and avoids new ID or paperwork barriers.
Barocas et al. in JAMA (2023) projected that continual encampment displacement could account for 15–25% of deaths among unhoused people who use drugs over 10 years, across 23 cities.
Rules applied to every item
Record before statements. A dimension is scored from the record when one exists: votes, signed or vetoed bills, budgets and lawsuits, up to ±2. Campaign statements score a dimension only when there is no record, and at most ±1. Each dimension cell shows which kind it rests on.
Indirect effects. Mechanisms the research ties to homelessness only indirectly — voter ID, grocery taxes, school staffing, utility rates — are capped at ±1.
Overall score. The average of the scored dimensions. Candidates need at least two scored dimensions to get one; otherwise they show as not scored. A blank dimension means no record was found, not a zero.
Budgets. Voting for a budget counts +1 in each dimension it funds; leading a budget item counts up to +2. State budgets count for both the governor and the Senate President, who negotiate them. City budget votes count for every council member who cast one.
Score bands. +1.5 or higher: strongly reduces homelessness. +0.5 to +1.4: reduces. −0.4 to +0.4: mixed effect. −0.5 to −1.4: increases. −1.5 or lower: strongly increases.
Where the evidence is disputed
The same Housing First review found results unfavorable to Housing First on alcohol use, and its treatment-first comparisons rest on few studies.
Supporters of Prop 312 (2024), including the Goldwater Institute, say it compensates property owners and pushes cities to enforce existing laws. No outcome data on homelessness has been published either way. By September 2025, more than two dozen claims seeking about $128,000 had been filed, and none paid.
The displacement mortality figures come from a simulation model, not observed deaths.
Supporters of the 2025 reconciliation law say it targets fraud and ineligible enrollment rather than cutting Medicaid. The scores use CBO’s coverage estimates.
National research finds strict voter ID laws have little effect on overall turnout. No study isolates unhoused voters.
Statewide propositions
Eight measures are on the statewide ballot, all referred by the Legislature. Three affect homelessness. Props 141 (mileage tax ban), 142 (DEI and preferential treatment), 317 (drug cartels), 318 (student athletics) and 319 (photo enforcement) have no mechanism that touches housing, income, services or enforcement, and are not scored.
Prop 144 — Election requirements
Constitutional amendment (HCR 2001)
−1.0 Increases homelessness
Requires government-issued ID to vote in every election, including by mail. People without a stable address are less likely to hold current ID, and Arizona charges $12 for a state ID card for most adults.
Enforcement People experiencing homelessness face ID barriers: no address, lost or stolen documents, fees, transportation. GAO-24-105435, Feb 2024
Enforcement State ID card costs $12; fee waivers cover people 65+ and some veterans and SSI recipients, not most unhoused adults. ADOT MVD, accessed Oct 2026
Enforcement Texas's mail-ballot ID rule led to 12.4% of mail ballots being rejected in its first primary, versus under 1% before. Texas Tribune, Apr 2022
Enforcement Counterpoint: strict in-person ID laws showed no detectable effect on overall turnout, 2008–2018. The study did not look at unhoused voters or mail ballots. Cantoni & Pons, NBER w25522, 2019
Affects voting access, not housing. Scored −1, the cap for indirect effects.
Prop 316 — Municipal grocery tax cap
Statute (HCR 2021)
0.0 Mixed effect
Caps city grocery taxes at 2% and requires voter approval to raise them. Phoenix, Tucson and Mesa have no grocery tax, so the effect falls on smaller towns: lower food costs for low-income households, and less general-fund revenue for local services.
Housing supply
Prevention
Services & funding
Enforcement
—
+1record
−1record
—
Data behind the score
Prevention Each 1-point rise in a grocery tax is associated with a 0.84% higher probability of food insecurity among low-income households. Zheng et al., Food Policy, 2021
Services & funding 70 of 91 cities and towns taxed groceries in 2024; Phoenix, Tucson and Mesa do not. Ballotpedia News, Jun 2025
Services & funding Rural towns rely on the tax for a large share of revenue; Bisbee warns of service cuts. Arizona Mirror, Sep 2026
No JLBC fiscal summary exists for this referral; the 2025 fiscal note scored an earlier full repeal.
Prop 320 — School district budgets
Statute (SCR 1032)
−1.0 Increases homelessness
Requires large districts to spend 60% of operating budgets on instruction or lose Classroom Site Fund money. Counselors, social workers and nurses count outside instruction, and they are the staff who identify and serve homeless students.
Services & funding Counselors, social workers, nurses and attendance staff are classified as student support, not instruction. Arizona Auditor General, Sep 2023
Services & funding Statewide instructional share was 52% in FY2025; 76 districts with about 83% of students are covered. News From The States, Sep 2026
Services & funding About 26,840 Arizona K–12 students were identified as homeless in 2025 (op-ed citing ADE data). Arizona Capitol Times, Aug 2026
No outcome research exists on 60% mandates and homeless students; the score rests on the spending definitions.
Maricopa County
Prop 413 is the only countywide measure. Clerk of the Superior Court, community college, Valleywise board, justice of the peace and judicial retention races have no homelessness record to score.
Maricopa County Prop 413 — Jail excise tax extension
20-year extension of the 0.2-cent jail tax
Not scored
Extends the tax that funds county jail construction, operations, inmate programs and probation, about $300M a year. State law also allows the money for programs that reduce jail costs, which can include diversion.
Enforcement Authorizing statute allows jail facilities and programs that reduce their expense. SB 1144 summary, 2025
Enforcement Raises about $300M a year; Supervisor Gallardo has cited reentry, mental health, substance use and diversion uses. KTAR, Dec 2024
Not scored. No source ties this revenue to homelessness outcomes, and the split between jail operations and diversion is not set in the measure.
Governor
Katie Hobbs
Democrat · incumbent
+1.3 Reduces homelessness
Signed statewide casita and middle-housing laws and the record FY2024 housing and shelter budget, and vetoed two bills to ban or remove encampments. Vetoed the 2024 Starter Homes Act, and later budgets zeroed the Housing Trust Fund deposit.
Housing supply
Prevention
Services & funding
Enforcement
+1record
+1record
+1record
+2record
Data behind the score
Housing supply Signed HB 2720 (casitas statewide) and HB 2721 (middle housing in cities of 75,000+). AZPM, May 2024
Housing supply Vetoed the Starter Homes Act (HB 2570), calling it "a step too far." KJZZ, Mar 2024
Prevention Signed HB 2244 (tenant relief when a landlord fails to satisfy an eviction judgment); FY2027 budget includes $3M civil legal aid and no statewide rental assistance. Arizona Multihousing Association, 2026
Housing supply FY2024 budget: $150M to the Housing Trust Fund and a new $60M Homeless Shelter and Services Fund. KJZZ, Jun 2023
Housing supply Housing Trust Fund General Fund deposit fell to $0 in FY2026 and FY2027; the shelter fund is repealed after June 2027. JLBC FY2027 baseline, 2026
Services & funding Same budgets: $60M shelter and services fund created in FY2024, repealed after June 2027. JLBC FY2027 baseline, 2026
Enforcement Vetoed SB 1024, banning tents in public rights-of-way: "this bill only makes them less visible." FOX 10, Mar 2023
Enforcement Vetoed SB 1413, which would have required some communities to remove encampments. KJZZ, Jun 2023
Andy Biggs
Republican
−1.0 Increases homelessness
Voted for the 2025 reconciliation law (CBO: about 10 million more uninsured by 2034) and against the ROAD to Housing Act. Voted for a recovery-housing voucher pilot in 2018 and supports permitting reform. No record on encampments.
Housing supply
Prevention
Services & funding
Enforcement
−2record
−2record
+1record
—
Data behind the score
Housing supply Voted no on the ROAD to Housing Act, which passed the House 358–32. KTAR, Jun 2026
Housing supply Also says permitting is about 40% of the cost of a home. FOX 10, Jun 2026
Prevention Voted yes on the One Big Beautiful Bill Act; AHCCCS estimated provider-tax changes alone could cost Arizona about $89B over 10 years. AZPM, Jul 2025
Prevention CBO: the enacted law adds about 10 million uninsured by 2034, 7.5 million from Medicaid and CHIP changes. Georgetown CCF, citing CBO, Aug 2025
Services & funding Voted yes on the THRIVE Act (H.R. 5735), a HUD voucher demonstration for people in addiction recovery. OnTheIssues, 2018
Teri Ann Hourihan
No Labels
+1.0 Reduces homelessness
Proposes easing zoning and permitting for affordable housing and protecting federal mental health and addiction funding. Campaign proposals only.
Housing supply
Prevention
Services & funding
Enforcement
+1stated
+1stated
—
—
Data behind the score
Housing supply Would ease zoning and permitting to encourage affordable housing. KOLD, Oct 2026
Prevention Said cuts to federal health money would harm community mental health and addiction treatment. FOX 10 debate, Oct 2026
Risa Lombardo
Green
Not scored
Limited record.
Data behind the score
Services & funding Said she would change how the state handles homelessness; gave no specifics. News From The States, Apr 2026
Attorney General
Kris Mayes
Democrat · incumbent
+2.0 Strongly reduces homelessness
Sued RealPage and nine landlords over alleged rent price-fixing, and joined the multistate suit in which a court held HUD's $1.3B transitional-housing set-aside unlawful in August 2026. No enforcement actions involving homelessness.
Housing supply
Prevention
Services & funding
Enforcement
+2record
—
+2record
—
Data behind the score
Housing supply Sued RealPage and nine landlords for alleged algorithmic rent price-fixing in metro Phoenix and Tucson. Arizona Attorney General, Feb 2024
Services & funding Arizona was one of 21 plaintiffs suing HUD over cuts to permanent housing in Continuum of Care awards. Arizona Attorney General, Nov 2025
Services & funding Coalition won partial summary judgment; the court held HUD's $1.3B transitional-housing set-aside unlawful. Arizona Attorney General, Aug 2026
Warren Petersen
Republican · Senate President
+0.3 Mixed effect
Wrote the referral that became Prop 312, which lets property owners claim tax refunds when cities don't enforce camping laws, and urged the Supreme Court in Grants Pass to address encampment bans. Cosponsored the 2024 middle-housing law and was Senate President for the same state budgets as the governor.
Housing supply
Prevention
Services & funding
Enforcement
+1record
+1record
+1record
−2record
Data behind the score
Housing supply One of 17 sponsors of HB 2721, the middle-housing law. LegiScan, 2024
Housing supply Senate President when the FY2024 budget passed ($150M Housing Trust Fund, $60M shelter fund); later budgets zeroed the trust fund deposit. KJZZ, Jun 2023
Services & funding Shelter and services fund created in FY2024, repealed after June 2027. JLBC FY2027 baseline, 2026
Enforcement Sponsored SCR 1006 (Prop 312): "money and funding are some of the only things that motivate cities." AZFamily, Jan 2024
Enforcement Filed an amicus brief in Grants Pass v. Johnson urging the Court to address cities' power to ban encampments. Arizona Senate Republicans, Sep 2023
Other statewide offices
Secretary of State
Adrian Fontes (D) · Alexander Kolodin (R) · Duwayne Collier (G)
Not scored
Limited record for all three. Debates centered on election administration and voter ID.
Limited record for both. Neither has addressed homeless students or Prop 320's effect on support staff.
Data behind the score
Services & funding Superintendent debate coverage. FOX 10, Sep 2026
Corporation Commission (2 seats)
Kevin Thompson (R, inc.) · Ralph Heap (R) · Clara Pratte (D) · Jonathon Hill (D) · Mike Cease (G)
Not scored
Utility costs affect whether low-income renters keep their housing. Thompson supported annual formula rates and the 8% APS increase (Prevention −1, record). Pratte opposes formula rates as structured and calls for stronger shut-off protections (Prevention +1, stated). Hill questions formula rates given utility profits (Prevention +1, stated). Heap and Cease: limited record. One dimension only, so no overall score.
Data behind the score
Prevention Commission adopted formula rates 3–2 in Dec 2024; Thompson defends them. KJZZ, May 2026
Prevention Candidate positions on rates and shut-offs. KJZZ, Sep 2026
Phoenix is split among CD1, CD3, CD4 and CD8. CD5 and CD7 include no part of the city.
CD3 · Yassamin Ansari
Democrat · incumbent
+2.0 Strongly reduces homelessness
Voted for the ROAD to Housing Act and against the 2025 reconciliation law (CBO: about 10 million more uninsured by 2034), and introduced a bill to phase housing vouchers into an entitlement for households under 80% of area median income.
Prevention Introduced a bill making housing vouchers an entitlement within 10 years and banning source-of-income discrimination. Axios Phoenix, May 2025
Prevention Voted no on the One Big Beautiful Bill Act. AZPM, Jul 2025
Other CD3 candidates (Redkey, Aversa, write-in Parkman): limited record.
CD4 · Greg Stanton
Democrat · incumbent
+1.7 Strongly reduces homelessness
Voted for the ROAD to Housing Act and against the 2025 reconciliation law (CBO: about 10 million more uninsured by 2034), and pressed HUD to drop its 30% cap on permanent supportive housing, which MAG estimated put $32M and up to 1,388 Maricopa County units at risk.
Housing supply
Prevention
Services & funding
Enforcement
+2record
+2record
+1stated
—
Data behind the score
Housing supply Voted yes on the ROAD to Housing Act. KTAR, Jun 2026
Housing supply Debate: zoning overhaul, transit-oriented density, full LIHTC funding. FOX 10, Oct 2026
Prevention Voted no on the One Big Beautiful Bill Act. AZPM, Jul 2025
Zuhdi Jasser (R) proposes limits on foreign property purchases; Tisha Benoit ties homelessness to prevention and mental health access. One dimension each, so no overall score.
CD8 · Abe Hamadeh
Republican · incumbent
0.0 Mixed effect
Voted for the ROAD to Housing Act and for the 2025 reconciliation law (CBO: about 10 million more uninsured by 2034).
Housing supply
Prevention
Services & funding
Enforcement
+2record
−2record
—
—
Data behind the score
Housing supply Voted yes on the ROAD to Housing Act. KTAR, Jun 2026
Prevention AHCCCS estimated the law's provider-tax changes alone could cost Arizona about $89B over 10 years. AZPM, Jul 2025
Prevention Voted yes on the One Big Beautiful Bill Act; his office says it includes no Medicaid cuts. Office of Rep. Hamadeh, Jul 2025
Shah wants to reverse the 2025 Medicaid cuts and drop work-reporting requirements (Prevention +1, stated). Feely says the law made no Medicaid cuts and has called Medicaid a failure (Prevention −1, stated). One dimension each, so no overall score.
Open seat. If no candidate wins a majority, the top two meet in a March 9, 2027 runoff. This applies to every council race.
Matt Evans
Open seat
0.0 Mixed effect
Wants more single-family construction and a homelessness state of emergency with mandated treatment. Wrote that "most of these homeless belong in jail"; later called the criticism a fair point but kept jail as a deterrent for people who refuse treatment.
Housing supply
Prevention
Services & funding
Enforcement
+1stated
—
0stated
−1stated
Data behind the score
Housing supply Phoenix needs to build more housing, especially single-family homes. VOTE411, Oct 2026
Services & funding Would expand Phoenix CARES outreach and stop funding some nonprofits. Phoenix New Times, 2026
Enforcement Supports enforcement plus mandated treatment. VOTE411, Oct 2026
Enforcement Sees jail as a deterrent for people who refuse treatment. Phoenix New Times, 2026
Danny Mazza
Open seat
Not scored
Wants to streamline permitting to increase supply. No homelessness positions. One dimension, so no overall score.
Housing supply
Prevention
Services & funding
Enforcement
+1stated
—
—
—
Data behind the score
Housing supply Make it easier to build and work with builders to increase supply. VOTE411, Oct 2026
Julie Read
Open seat
Not scored
Limited record. Calls for responsible growth on north Phoenix trust land; did not answer VOTE411.
Proposes a city land bank that rehabs vacant city-owned houses for first-time buyers, selling 2,000+ city lots for housing, and an Office of Tenant Rights.
Wants more shelter and transitional capacity with real-time bed tracking. The only responding District 4 candidate who said he would have voted for the parks ordinance.
Proposes pre-approved plans for casitas, duplexes and fourplexes with anti-displacement protections. No specific homelessness proposal. One dimension, so no overall score.
Voted for the 2026 homelessness plan and the FY2026–27 budget, and for the parks ordinance requiring permits to distribute food or provide medical treatment in parks.
Housing supply
Prevention
Services & funding
Enforcement
+1record
+1record
+1record
−1record
Data behind the score
Housing supply Voted for the FY2026–27 budget: $6.6M more for the Housing Trust Fund, $18.4M for the Safe Outdoor Space and heat relief, $3M+ for prevention (9–0). KJZZ, May 2026
Prevention Same budget: $3M+ for homelessness prevention assistance. KJZZ, May 2026
Services & funding Voted for the 2026 homelessness strategic plan: master leasing, PSH, low-barrier shelter, streamlined camping enforcement (unanimous). Courthouse News, Feb 2026
Enforcement Voted yes on the parks ordinance requiring city permits to distribute food or provide medical treatment in parks (6–3). Called it a fair compromise. KTAR, May 2026
Michael Del Prete
Challenger
+0.5 Reduces homelessness
Wants to cut permitting red tape and judge homelessness spending by outcomes rather than dollars. No camping policy.
Housing supply
Prevention
Services & funding
Enforcement
+1stated
—
0stated
—
Data behind the score
Housing supply Cut permitting red tape; cites mortgage burden rising to 43.6% of income. Del Prete campaign, 2026
Services & funding Phoenix has spent $180M+ on homelessness since 2021; wants provider accountability. Del Prete campaign, 2026
Phoenix City Council · District 8
Kesha Hodge Washington
Incumbent · Vice Mayor
+1.3 Reduces homelessness
Pushed the Housing Trust Fund to $15M in total resources, worked to raise flexible financial assistance from a proposed $1.5M to $3.15M, and backed eviction legal services, eviction diversion and master-leasing pilots. Voted for the parks ordinance requiring permits to distribute food or provide medical treatment in parks.
Housing supply
Prevention
Services & funding
Enforcement
+2record
+2record
+2record
−1record
Data behind the score
Housing supply Housing Trust Fund reaches $15M in total resources, one of her top priorities; $12.9M for shelter operations. District 8 statement, May 2026
Prevention Worked to raise proposed flexible financial assistance (rent, utilities, food) from $1.5M to $3.15M; eviction legal services and diversion pilots. District 8 op-ed, Jul 2026
Services & funding Wants to expand master leasing and eviction prevention. VOTE411, Oct 2026
Enforcement Voted yes on the parks ordinance requiring city permits to distribute food or provide medical treatment in parks (6–3). Said results would be reassessed in six months. KTAR, May 2026
Jarrett Maupin
Challenger
−0.3 Mixed effect
Would require shelter, treatment or arrest and clear encampments, and make treatment and work a condition of aid. Proposes a zero-down homeownership fund and faster casita approvals.
Housing supply
Prevention
Services & funding
Enforcement
+1stated
—
−1stated
−1stated
Data behind the score
Enforcement Encampments "systematically cleared"; structured shelter and treatment, or arrest. Maupin campaign, 2026
Services & funding Treatment and work as conditions of aid. VOTE411, Oct 2026
Housing supply Homeownership fund, tenant right to buy, faster ADU approvals. Maupin campaign, 2026
Frank Abasciano Jr.
Challenger
Not scored
Wants to lower the cost of building homes; no specific homelessness proposal. One dimension, so no overall score.
Arizona Legislature races (Phoenix spans legislative districts 2, 4, 5, 11, 12, 24 and 26, plus edges of others), school board races and school district measures are not scored here. Find your full ballot at Clean Elections.
Have a correction or a record we missed? Contact us. Every score is updated when the record changes.
Glynn, C., & Fox, E. B. (2019). Dynamics of homelessness in urban America. Annals of Applied Statistics. arXiv
Collinson, R., et al. (2024). Eviction and Poverty in American Cities. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 139(1), 57–120. Yale Tobin Center
Peng, Y., et al. (2020). Permanent Supportive Housing With Housing First: A Community Guide Systematic Review. J Public Health Manag Pract, 26(5), 404–411. Community Guide
Barocas, J. A., et al. (2023). Population-level health effects of involuntary displacement of people experiencing unsheltered homelessness who inject drugs. JAMA. CU Anschutz summary
Congressional Budget Office coverage estimates for the 2025 reconciliation law (Aug. 11, 2025). Georgetown CCF
Arizona Secretary of State, 2026 ballot measure language. azsos.gov
City of Phoenix, November 2026 candidate information. phoenix.gov